The Four Enemies: Understanding Suffering
…birth, aging, sickness and death conspire
to bring misery to our existence.
5. Sorrow [soka dukkha]
The Buddha characterized the suffering of sorrow as affect-
ing one with burning in the heart as if the mind h…
…emy, inflicting further pain, and ultimately death is the fourth enemy, delivering the mortal blow. The Buddha's perspective on sorrow highlights the emotional turmoil experienced in loss, which compounds the s…